y=why
u=you
bcoz=becous
otw=on the way
sy=saya
ak=aku
da=sudah
pg=pagi
pgy=pergi
bg=bagi
monin=morning
Ahad, 4 Oktober 2009
Jumaat, 2 Oktober 2009
topology typs
MESH TOPOLOGY
A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology.
TREE TOPOLOGY
Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology. In the above example picture if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star topology networks failed, those networks would be unable to communicate with each other. However, computers on the same star topology would still be able to communicate with each other.
A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology.
TREE TOPOLOGY
Also known as a star bus topology, tree topology is one of the most common types of network setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using the star topology. In the above example picture if the main cable or trunk between each of the two star topology networks failed, those networks would be unable to communicate with each other. However, computers on the same star topology would still be able to communicate with each other.
razakSAT
RazakSAT is a Malaysian satellite carrying a high-resolution camera. It was launched into low Earth orbit by a Falcon 1 rocket on July 14, 2009. It was placed into an near-equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region
This satellite is Malaysia's second remote sensing satellite after TiungSAT-1. Originally called MACSAT, RazakSAT's payload is mainly electro-optical, carrying a Medium-sized Aperture Camera (MAC) which is a pushbroom camera with five linear detectors (one panchromatic, four multi-spectral) weighing approximately 50 kg. The entire satellite weighs at about 180 kg.
The then-Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad renamed the satellite to RazakSAT in tribute to the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdul Razak or known as the "Bapa Pembangunan Malaysia" (Father of Malaysian Development) for his contribution to Malaysia's development. This was held officially during Mahathir's working visit to Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn. Bhd. (ATSB) in 2003 at its premise in Technology Park Malaysia (TPM) in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. It has since moved to its new premises at Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor. ATSB is a wholly-owned company of the Minister of Finance Inc. (MOF) and reports to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia.
This satellite is Malaysia's second remote sensing satellite after TiungSAT-1. Originally called MACSAT, RazakSAT's payload is mainly electro-optical, carrying a Medium-sized Aperture Camera (MAC) which is a pushbroom camera with five linear detectors (one panchromatic, four multi-spectral) weighing approximately 50 kg. The entire satellite weighs at about 180 kg.
The then-Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad renamed the satellite to RazakSAT in tribute to the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdul Razak or known as the "Bapa Pembangunan Malaysia" (Father of Malaysian Development) for his contribution to Malaysia's development. This was held officially during Mahathir's working visit to Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn. Bhd. (ATSB) in 2003 at its premise in Technology Park Malaysia (TPM) in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. It has since moved to its new premises at Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor. ATSB is a wholly-owned company of the Minister of Finance Inc. (MOF) and reports to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia.
razakSAT
RazakSAT is a Malaysian satellite carrying a high-resolution camera. It was launched into low Earth orbit by a Falcon 1 rocket on July 14, 2009. It was placed into an near-equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region
This satellite is Malaysia's second remote sensing satellite after TiungSAT-1. Originally called MACSAT, RazakSAT's payload is mainly electro-optical, carrying a Medium-sized Aperture Camera (MAC) which is a pushbroom camera with five linear detectors (one panchromatic, four multi-spectral) weighing approximately 50 kg. The entire satellite weighs at about 180 kg.
The then-Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad renamed the satellite to RazakSAT in tribute to the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdul Razak or known as the "Bapa Pembangunan Malaysia" (Father of Malaysian Development) for his contribution to Malaysia's development. This was held officially during Mahathir's working visit to Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn. Bhd. (ATSB) in 2003 at its premise in Technology Park Malaysia (TPM) in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. It has since moved to its new premises at Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor. ATSB is a wholly-owned company of the Minister of Finance Inc. (MOF) and reports to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia.
This satellite is Malaysia's second remote sensing satellite after TiungSAT-1. Originally called MACSAT, RazakSAT's payload is mainly electro-optical, carrying a Medium-sized Aperture Camera (MAC) which is a pushbroom camera with five linear detectors (one panchromatic, four multi-spectral) weighing approximately 50 kg. The entire satellite weighs at about 180 kg.
The then-Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mahathir Mohamad renamed the satellite to RazakSAT in tribute to the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdul Razak or known as the "Bapa Pembangunan Malaysia" (Father of Malaysian Development) for his contribution to Malaysia's development. This was held officially during Mahathir's working visit to Astronautic Technology (M) Sdn. Bhd. (ATSB) in 2003 at its premise in Technology Park Malaysia (TPM) in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. It has since moved to its new premises at Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor. ATSB is a wholly-owned company of the Minister of Finance Inc. (MOF) and reports to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia.
b2b,b2c,c2c
....B2B,B2C,C2C......
(Business-to-Business)
E-Commerce is conducted through industry-sponsored marketplaces and through private exchanges set up by large companies for their suppliers and customers. Of course, companies also sell to business customers through their own Web sites. In the early 2000s, industry-sponsored marketplaces (ISMs) accounted for only a small percentage of B2B transactions. The main reason, according a survey of 25 ISMs published in the industry periodical B to B, is that ISMs have had problems convincing buyers and sellers to use them. For one thing, companies are reluctant to acquire customized designs through marketplaces because they don't want to reveal proprietary information on an site that is shared by competitors. These companies fear they will give away too much information about their competitive strategies simply by taking part in such a marketplace. ISMs also do not necessarily level the playing field for small companies against larger competitors. As a result, companies use such marketplaces mainly to purchase commodity goods, manage their supply chains, and conduct indirect procurement transactions not related to their core business. Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce is significantly different from business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. While B2C merchants sell on a first-come, first-served basis, most B2B commerce is done through negotiated contracts that allow the seller to anticipate and plan for how much the buyer will purchase. In some cases B2B is not so much a matter of generating revenue as it is a matter of making connections with business partners.
(Business-to-Consumer)
E-Commerce is basically a concept of online marketing and distributing of products and services over the Internet. It is a natural progression for many retailers or marketer who sells directly to the consumer. The general idea is, if you could reach more customers, service them better, make more sales while spending less to do it, that would the formula of success for implementing a B2C e-commerce infrastructure.For the consumer, it is relatively easy to appreciate the importance of e-commerce. Why waste time fighting the very real crowds in supermarkets, when, from the comfort of home, one can shop on-line at any time in virtual Internet shopping malls, and have the goods delivered home directly.Who should use B2C E-Commerce?• Manufacturers - to sell and to retail the business buyers• Distributors - to take orders from the merchants they supply• Publisher - to sell subscriptions and books• Direct Sales Firms - as another channel to reach the buyers• Entertainment Firms - to promote new products and sell copies• Information Provider - to take payment for downloaded materials• Specialty Retailers - Niche marketers of products ranging from candles, coffees, specialty foods, books use it to broaden their customer reach.• Insurance Firms - On-line rate quotes and premium payments have made it easier for this industry to attract and retain customers. In fact, virtually any business that can deliver its products or provide its services outside its doors is a potential user.
(Consumer to Consumer)
E-Commerce has also emerged that allows unknown, un-trusted parties to sell goods and services to one-another. An excellent example of this is found at Ebay, where consumers sell their goods and services to other consumers. To accommodate this activity, several technologies have emerged. Firstly, Ebay allows all sellers and buyers to rate one another. In this manner, future prospective purchasers may see that a particular seller has sold to more than 2,000 customers - all of whom rate the seller as excellent. In another example, a prospective purchaser may see a seller who has previously sold only 4 times and all 4 rate the seller poorly. This type of information is helpful. Another technology that has emerged to support C2C activities is that of the payment intermediary. Pay Pal is a good example of this. Instead of purchasing items directly from an unknown, un-trusted seller, the buyer can instead send the money to Pay Pal. From there, Pay Pal notifies the seller that they will hold the money for them until the goods have been shipped and accepted by the abuyer.
(Business-to-Business)
E-Commerce is conducted through industry-sponsored marketplaces and through private exchanges set up by large companies for their suppliers and customers. Of course, companies also sell to business customers through their own Web sites. In the early 2000s, industry-sponsored marketplaces (ISMs) accounted for only a small percentage of B2B transactions. The main reason, according a survey of 25 ISMs published in the industry periodical B to B, is that ISMs have had problems convincing buyers and sellers to use them. For one thing, companies are reluctant to acquire customized designs through marketplaces because they don't want to reveal proprietary information on an site that is shared by competitors. These companies fear they will give away too much information about their competitive strategies simply by taking part in such a marketplace. ISMs also do not necessarily level the playing field for small companies against larger competitors. As a result, companies use such marketplaces mainly to purchase commodity goods, manage their supply chains, and conduct indirect procurement transactions not related to their core business. Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce is significantly different from business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. While B2C merchants sell on a first-come, first-served basis, most B2B commerce is done through negotiated contracts that allow the seller to anticipate and plan for how much the buyer will purchase. In some cases B2B is not so much a matter of generating revenue as it is a matter of making connections with business partners.
(Business-to-Consumer)
E-Commerce is basically a concept of online marketing and distributing of products and services over the Internet. It is a natural progression for many retailers or marketer who sells directly to the consumer. The general idea is, if you could reach more customers, service them better, make more sales while spending less to do it, that would the formula of success for implementing a B2C e-commerce infrastructure.For the consumer, it is relatively easy to appreciate the importance of e-commerce. Why waste time fighting the very real crowds in supermarkets, when, from the comfort of home, one can shop on-line at any time in virtual Internet shopping malls, and have the goods delivered home directly.Who should use B2C E-Commerce?• Manufacturers - to sell and to retail the business buyers• Distributors - to take orders from the merchants they supply• Publisher - to sell subscriptions and books• Direct Sales Firms - as another channel to reach the buyers• Entertainment Firms - to promote new products and sell copies• Information Provider - to take payment for downloaded materials• Specialty Retailers - Niche marketers of products ranging from candles, coffees, specialty foods, books use it to broaden their customer reach.• Insurance Firms - On-line rate quotes and premium payments have made it easier for this industry to attract and retain customers. In fact, virtually any business that can deliver its products or provide its services outside its doors is a potential user.
(Consumer to Consumer)
E-Commerce has also emerged that allows unknown, un-trusted parties to sell goods and services to one-another. An excellent example of this is found at Ebay, where consumers sell their goods and services to other consumers. To accommodate this activity, several technologies have emerged. Firstly, Ebay allows all sellers and buyers to rate one another. In this manner, future prospective purchasers may see that a particular seller has sold to more than 2,000 customers - all of whom rate the seller as excellent. In another example, a prospective purchaser may see a seller who has previously sold only 4 times and all 4 rate the seller poorly. This type of information is helpful. Another technology that has emerged to support C2C activities is that of the payment intermediary. Pay Pal is a good example of this. Instead of purchasing items directly from an unknown, un-trusted seller, the buyer can instead send the money to Pay Pal. From there, Pay Pal notifies the seller that they will hold the money for them until the goods have been shipped and accepted by the abuyer.
(A)Twisted Pair
Advantages :
1. Cheaper and easier splice.
2. Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby equipment or wires.
3. In turn are less likely to cause interference themselve
4. It is electrically "cleaner", STP wire can carry data at a faster speed.
Disadvantages :
1. STP wire is that it is physically larger and more expensive than twisted pairwire.
2. STP is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.
(B)Coaxial Pair
Advantages :
1. Coaxial cable can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
2. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that help keep moistureaway.
Disadvantages :
1. Thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install.
(C)Fiber Optic
Advantages :
1. One single mode fiber can replace a metal of time larger and heavier.
2. Multi-mode optical cable has a larger diameter and can be used to carry signalover short distance.
Disadvantages :
1. Fiber optic versus metal cable is that it is difficult to make connections tofiber optic cable.
2. The optical fiber must be highly polished to allow light to pass with little loss.
Advantages :
1. Cheaper and easier splice.
2. Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby equipment or wires.
3. In turn are less likely to cause interference themselve
4. It is electrically "cleaner", STP wire can carry data at a faster speed.
Disadvantages :
1. STP wire is that it is physically larger and more expensive than twisted pairwire.
2. STP is more difficult to connect to a terminating block.
(B)Coaxial Pair
Advantages :
1. Coaxial cable can support greater cable lengths between network devices than twisted pair cable.
2. Thick coaxial cable has an extra protective plastic cover that help keep moistureaway.
Disadvantages :
1. Thick coaxial is that it does not bend easily and is difficult to install.
(C)Fiber Optic
Advantages :
1. One single mode fiber can replace a metal of time larger and heavier.
2. Multi-mode optical cable has a larger diameter and can be used to carry signalover short distance.
Disadvantages :
1. Fiber optic versus metal cable is that it is difficult to make connections tofiber optic cable.
2. The optical fiber must be highly polished to allow light to pass with little loss.
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